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Compare Rwanda (2005) - Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2001)
Compare Rwanda (2005) z Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2001)
| Rwanda (2005) | Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2001) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 12 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - prefigintara for singular and plural); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri | none (territorial collectivity of France); note - there are no first-order administrative divisions approved by the US Government, but there are two communes - Saint Pierre, Miquelon |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 41.9% (male 1,777,178/female 1,762,252)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 2,328,686/female 2,356,572) 65 years and over: 2.6% (male 87,155/female 128,977) (2005 est.) |
0-14 years:
25.85% (male 917; female 874) 15-64 years: 64.22% (male 2,273; female 2,176) 65 years and over: 9.93% (male 291; female 397) (2001 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock | vegetables; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish |
| Airports | 9 (2004 est.) | 2 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 4
over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
total:
2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.) |
- |
| Area | total: 26,338 sq km
land: 24,948 sq km water: 1,390 sq km |
total:
242 sq km land: 242 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than Maryland | 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Background | In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000 that remain in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy. | First settled by the French in the early 17th century, the islands represent the sole remaining vestige of France's once vast North American possessions. |
| Birth rate | 40.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) | 15.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Budget | revenues: $354.5 million
expenditures: $385 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.) |
revenues:
$70 million expenditures: $60 million, including capital expenditures of $24 million (1996 est.) |
| Capital | Kigali | Saint-Pierre |
| Climate | temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible | cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy |
| Coastline | 0 km (landlocked) | 120 km |
| Constitution | new constitution adopted 4 June 2003 | 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) |
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda |
conventional long form:
Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |
| Currency | - | French franc (FRF); euro (EUR) |
| Death rate | 16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) | 6.64 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Debt - external | $1.3 billion (2000 est.) | $NA |
| Dependency status | - | self-governing territorial collectivity of France |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Henderson PATRICK
embassy: 337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03 FAX: [250] 57 2128 |
none (territorial collectivity of France) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA
chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544 |
none (territorial collectivity of France) |
| Disputes - international | Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | $372.9 million (1999) | approximately $65 million in annual grants from France |
| Economy - overview | Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings, however, have been hindered by low beverage prices, depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. Kigali's high defense expenditures have caused tension between the government and international donors and lending agencies. An energy shortage and instability in neighboring states may slow growth in 2005, while the lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continues to handicap export growth. | The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because of disputes with Canada over fishing quotas and a steady decline in the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre. In 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of 12,348 sq km to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25% of what France had sought. The islands are heavily subsidized by France to the great betterment of living standards. The government hopes an expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects. |
| Electricity - consumption | 195 million kWh (2002) | 37.2 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2002) | 0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - imports | 40 million kWh (2002) | 0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production | 166.7 million kWh (2002) | 40 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production by source | - | fossil fuel:
100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m |
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m |
| Environment - current issues | deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching | NA |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
- |
| Ethnic groups | Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% | Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) |
| Exchange rates | Rwandan francs per US dollar - 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003), 476.33 (2002), 442.8 (2001), 393.44 (2000) | euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996) |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008) election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33% |
chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Remi THUAU (since NA) head of government: President of the General Council Bernard LE SOAVEC (since NA 1996) cabinet: NA elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 7 May 1995 (next to be held NA May 2002); prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the General Council is elected by the members of the council |
| Exports | NA | $12 million (f.o.b., 1999) |
| Exports - commodities | coffee, tea, hides, tin ore | fish and fish products, soybeans, animal feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts |
| Exports - partners | Indonesia 64.2%, China 3.6%, Germany 2.7% (2004) | US 43%, Egypt 14%, Japan 11%, Colombia 8% (1999) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Flag description | three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band | a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a dark blue background with a black wave line under the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the square into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one on top of the other; the flag of France is used for official occasions |
| GDP | - | purchasing power parity - $74 million (1996 est.); supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 41.1%
industry: 21.2% services: 37.7% (2004 est.) |
agriculture:
NA% industry: NA% services: NA% |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2004 est.) | purchasing power parity - $11,000 (1996 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 0.9% (2004 est.) | NA% |
| Geographic coordinates | 2 00 S, 30 00 E | 46 50 N, 56 20 W |
| Geography - note | landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural | vegetation scanty |
| Highways | total: 12,000 km
paved: 996 km unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.) |
total:
114 km paved: 69 km unpaved: 45 km (1994 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 24.2% (1985) |
lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Imports | NA | $55 million (f.o.b., 1999) |
| Imports - commodities | foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material | meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials |
| Imports - partners | Kenya 24.4%, Germany 7.4%, Belgium 6.6%, Uganda 6.3%, France 5.1% (2004) | France 44%, Canada 40% (1999) |
| Independence | 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship) | none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 7% (2001 est.) | NA% |
| Industries | cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes | fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 91.23 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 96.37 deaths/1,000 live births female: 85.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
8.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7% (2004 est.) | 2.1% (1991-96 average) |
| International organization participation | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO | FZ, WFTU |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | - | 1 (2000) |
| Irrigated land | 40 sq km (1998 est.) | NA sq km |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees | Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel |
| Labor force | 4.6 million (2000) | 3,000 (1997) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 90% | fishing 18%, industry (mainly fish-processing) 41%, services 41% (1996 est.) |
| Land boundaries | total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km |
0 km |
| Land use | arable land: 40.54%
permanent crops: 12.16% other: 47.3% (2001) |
arable land:
13% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 4% other: 83% (1993 est.) |
| Languages | Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers | French |
| Legal system | based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction | French law with special adaptations for local conditions, such as housing and taxation |
| Legislative branch | unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats; members elected by direct vote)
elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held Chamber of Deputies - NA 2008; Senate - NA 2011) election results: seats by party under the 2003 Constitution - RPF 40, PSD 7, PL 6 |
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats - 15 from Saint Pierre and 4 from Miquelon; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: elections last held NA April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA note: Saint Pierre and Miquelon elect 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September 2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1; Saint Pierre and Miquelon also elects 1 seat to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UDF 1 |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 46.96 years
male: 45.92 years female: 48.03 years (2005 est.) |
total population:
77.77 years male: 75.51 years female: 80.13 years (2001 est.) |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.4% male: 76.3% female: 64.7% (2003 est.) |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (1982 est.) |
| Location | Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo | Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland (Canada) |
| Map references | Africa | North America |
| Maritime claims | none (landlocked) | exclusive economic zone:
200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Merchant marine | - | none (2000 est.) |
| Military - note | - | defense is the responsibility of France |
| Military branches | Rwandan Defense Forces: Army, Air Force | - |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | $50.1 million (2004) | - |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 3.2% (2004) | - |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 1 July (1962) | Bastille Day, 14 July (1789) |
| Nationality | noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan |
noun:
Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French |
| Natural hazards | periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo | persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard |
| Natural resources | gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land | fish, deepwater ports |
| Net migration rate | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) | -4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| People - note | Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa | - |
| Political parties and leaders | Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA] | Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR [leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | IBUKA - association of genocide survivors | NA |
| Population | 8,440,820
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.) |
6,928 (July 2001 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 60% (2001 est.) | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 2.43% (2005 est.) | 0.43% (2001 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye | Saint Pierre |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 0, FM 8 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters, three international FM programs include the BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle), shortwave 1 (2005) | AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios | - | 4,000 (1997) |
| Railways | - | 0 km |
| Religions | Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001) | Roman Catholic 99% |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal adult | 18 years of age; universal |
| Telephone system | general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service) |
general assessment:
adequate domestic: NA international: radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 23,200 (2002) | 4,000 (1997) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 134,000
note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several provincial capitals (2003) |
0 (1994) |
| Television broadcast stations | 2 (2004) | 0 (there are, however, two repeaters which rebroadcast programs from France, Canada, and the US) (1997) |
| Terrain | mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east | mostly barren rock |
| Total fertility rate | 5.49 children born/woman (2005 est.) | 2.12 children born/woman (2001 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | NA | 9.8% (1997) |
| Waterways | Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2004) | none |
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